Artificial Intelligence - Overview

 

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Artificial  Intelligence- Introduction


Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the study and creation of computer systems that can perceive, reason and act. The primary aim of AI is to produce intelligent machines. The intelligence should be exhibited by thinking, making decisions, solving problems, more importantly by learning. AI is an interdisciplinary field that requires knowledge in computer science, linguistics, psychology, biology, philosophy and so on for serious research.

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

Artificial Intelligence is a way of [Making a Computer, a Computer-Controlled Robot, or a Software Think Intelligently,] in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI can also be defined as the area of computer science that deals with the ways in which computers can be made to perform cognitive functions ascribed to humans. But this definition does not say what functions are performed, to what degree they are performed, or how these functions are carried out.

AI draws heavily on following domains of study.

1.      Computer Science

2.      Cognitive Science

3.      Engineering

4.      Ethics

5.      Linguistics

6.      Logic

7.      Mathematics

8.      Natural Sciences

9.      Philosophy

10. Physiology

11. Psychology

12. Statistics

STRONG ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

It deals with creation of real intelligence artificially. Strong AI believes that machines can be made sentient or self-aware. There are two types of strong AI: Human-like AI, in which the computer program thinks and reasons to the level of human-being. Non-human-like AI, in which the computer program develops a non-human way of thinking and reasoning.

WEAK ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Weak AI does not believe that creating human-level intelligence in machines is possible but AI techniques can be developed to solve many real-life problems. That is, it is the study of mental models implemented on a computer.

AI AND NATURE

Nowadays AI techniques developed with the inspiration from nature is becoming popular. A new area of research what is known as Nature Inspired Computing is emerging. Biologically inspired AI approaches such as neural networks and genetic algorithms are already in place.

CHALLENGES

It is true that AI does not yet achieve its ultimate goal. Still AI systems could not defeat even a three year old child on many counts: ability to recognize and remember different objects, adapt to new situations, understand and generate human languages, and so on. The main problem is that we, still could not understand how human mind works, how we learn new things, especially how we learn languages and reproduce them properly.

APPLICATIONS

There are many AI applications that we witness: Robotics, Machine translators, chatbots, voice recognizers to name a few. AI techniques are used to solve many real life problems. Some kind of robots are helping to find land-mines, searching humans trapped in rubbles due to natural calamities.

FUTURE OF AI

AI is the best field for dreamers to play around. It must be evolved from the thought that making a human-machine is possible. Though many conclude that this is not possible, there is still a lot of research going on in this field to attain the final objective. There are inherent advantages of using computers as they do not get tired or losing temper and are becoming faster and faster. Only time will say what will be the future of AI: will it attain human-level or above human-level intelligence or not. 


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PHILOSOPHY OF AI

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

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 HISTORY OF AI

Here is the history of AI during 20th century −

Year                                        Milestone / Innovation

1923                Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943                        Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945                Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

1950                Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

1956                John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958                John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

1964                Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.

1965                Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on a dialogue in English.

1969                Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

1973                The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.

1979                The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.

1985                Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

1990                Major advances in all areas of AI −

                    ●      Significant demonstrations in machine learning

                    ●      Case-based reasoning

                    ●      Multi-agent planning

                    ●      Scheduling

                    ●      Data mining, Web Crawler

                    ●      natural language understanding and translation

                    ●      Vision, Virtual Reality

                    ●      Games

1997            The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

2000            Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.

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 GOALS OF AI

●      To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advise its users.

●      To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans

 

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 WHAT CONTRIBUTE TO AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system.


 

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Programming Without and With AI

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

Programming Without AI Programming With AI
A computer program without AI can answer the specific questions it is meant to solve. A computer program with AI can answer the generic questions it is meant to solve.
Modification in the program leads to change in its structure. AI programs can absorb new modifications by putting highly independent pieces of information together. Hence you can modify even a minute piece of information of program without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the program adversely.Quick and Easy program modification.

 

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What is AI Technique?

In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

  • Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
  • It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
  • It keeps changing constantly.

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −

  • It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
  • It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
  • It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

 

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Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

  • Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

  • Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.

  • Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.

  • Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. For example,

    • A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.

    • Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

    • Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.

  • Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

  • Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.

  • Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

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